{"id":80177,"date":"2024-10-21T16:52:41","date_gmt":"2024-10-21T09:52:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/?p=80177"},"modified":"2024-10-21T16:52:42","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T09:52:42","slug":"cau-hoi-phong-van-oop-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cau-hoi-phong-van-oop-phan-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Top 50+ c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t (Ph\u1ea7n 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">N\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cau-hoi-phong-van-oop-phan-2\/#Cac_cau_hoi_phong_van_OOP_nang_cao\" >C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP n\u00e2ng cao<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cau-hoi-phong-van-oop-phan-2\/#Cac_cau_hoi_phong_van_OOP_thuc_hanh\" >C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cau-hoi-phong-van-oop-phan-2\/#Tong_ket_Cau_hoi_phong_van_OOP_Phan_2\" >T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP (Ph\u1ea7n 2)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><em><strong>Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i Ph\u1ea7n 1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n 25 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP n\u00e2ng cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0110\u1ecdc b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP n\u00e2ng cao<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><em>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho v\u1ecb tr\u00ed Fresher\/ Junior Developer ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7n &#8220;\u00f4n t\u1eadp&#8221; c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c <a href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/oop-la-gi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>OOP<\/strong><\/a> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o <a href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cau-hoi-phong-van-oop-phan-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ph\u1ea7n 1<\/strong><\/a> c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_cau_hoi_phong_van_OOP_nang_cao\"><\/span><b>C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP n\u00e2ng cao<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><b> Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a OOP l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng OOP v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf: OOP c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng: M\u00e3 OOP th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p do t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian: Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p OOP c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n do c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u1ea7n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p: S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng OOP hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c class, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy: C\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 duy t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b> B\u1ed9 Access specifiers (ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh truy c\u1eadp) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh truy c\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 class, method\u2026 C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh truy c\u1eadp n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i &#8211; m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a OOP. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh truy c\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh truy c\u1eadp bao g\u1ed3m:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public: Cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a class truy c\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e2u trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Private: T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 trong class n\u01a1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai b\u00e1o, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protected: Cho ph\u00e9p truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong trong class n\u01a1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai b\u00e1o v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c subclass c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b> Interface l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interface (Giao di\u1ec7n) l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (abstract method).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t class tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u interface, do \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a interface. M\u1ed9t class m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a object,\u00a0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, interface kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a code tri\u1ec3n khai cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i). Class th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n &#8220;how&#8221; v\u00e0 interface bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb &#8220;what&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> Abstract class v\u00e0 interface kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u1ea3 abstract class v\u00e0 interface \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i class \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m khai b\u00e1o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, abstract class ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi interface. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Abstract class<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Interface<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t Abstract class c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t Interface ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t Abstract class c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn final, non-final, static v\u00e0 non-static.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interface ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn static v\u00e0 final.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abstract class kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interface h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><b> S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa structure v\u00e0 class<\/b><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Class<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Structure<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u1ed9t class gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOP). N\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t class l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a class \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ec7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang. C\u00e1c class r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng OOP nh\u01b0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Structure l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 C \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c class, structure kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 method ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><b> X\u1eed l\u00fd ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 (exception handling) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">X\u1eed l\u00fd ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a try, catch v\u00e0 throw \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a try \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bao b\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a catch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a throw \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Khi x\u1ea3y ra l\u1ed7i, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 (exception object) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9m ra, v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i catch g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9m ra, cho ph\u00e9p x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, kh\u1ed1i catch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea1y. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed1i catch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb d\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> Garbage Collection (GC) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xoay quanh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t class. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Garbage Collection (qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu gom r\u00e1c) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. Th\u00f4ng qua GC, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i Constructor trong 1 class kh\u00f4ng?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i Constructor trong m\u1ed9t class trong Java. Constructor Overloading \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n Constructor c\u00f3 Constructor kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi tham s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau (Number v\u00e0 Type).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i Destructor trong 1 class kh\u00f4ng?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t Destructor kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p ch\u1ed3ng trong m\u1ed9t class m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Destructor trong m\u1ed9t class.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng Java m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m OOP kh\u00f4ng?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00f3. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng Java d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m OOP, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1edbi OOP. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai theo h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 , C++ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n OOP v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng C.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> Compile time Polymorphism l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c Runtime Polymorphism?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi \u0111a h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch bi\u1ebft h\u00e0m n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch (Compile time Polymorphism hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Static Polymorphism).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m, overloading v\u00e0 template trong C++ h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Compile time Polymorphism. Compile time Polymorphism \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i \u0110a h\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u00e0m n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class CompileTimePolymorphism{<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ Method th\u1ee9 1 v\u1edbi name add<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0public int add(int x, int y){\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0return x+y;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ Method th\u1ee9 2 v\u1edbi name add<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0public int add(int x, int y, int z){<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0return x+y+z;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ Method th\u1ee9 3 v\u1edbi name add<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0public int add(double x, int y){\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0return (int)x+y;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ Method th\u1ee9 4 v\u1edbi name add<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0public int add(int x, double y){\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0return x+(int)y;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class Test{<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0public static void main(String[] args){<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0CompileTimePolymorphism demo=new CompileTimePolymorphism();<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ Trong statement sau \u0111\u00e2y, Compiler nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3u argument v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ecdi method 1<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(demo.add(2,3));<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, trong statement sau \u0111\u00e2y, Compiler g\u1ecdi method 2<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(demo.add(2,3,4));<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, trong statement sau \u0111\u00e2y, Compiler g\u1ecdi method 4<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(demo.add(2,3.4));<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, trong statement sau \u0111\u00e2y, Compiler g\u1ecdi method 3<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(demo.add(2.5,3));\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 4 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c add. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u1ea5y hai tham s\u1ed1 trong khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai l\u1ea5y ba tham s\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1. Tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch xem x\u00e9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c signature v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi cho m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Runtime Polymorphism (\u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y), c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dynamic Polymorphism, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i \u0110a h\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/span><\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class AnyVehicle{<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0public void move(){<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(\u201cAny vehicle should move!\u201d);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class Bike extends AnyVehicle{<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0public void move(){<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(\u201cBike can move too!\u201d);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class Test{<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0public static void main(String[] args){<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0AnyVehicle vehicle = new Bike();<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ Trong statement tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y, object vehicle thu\u1ed9c type AnyVehicle<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ Nh\u01b0ng output c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a statement sau s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \"Bike can move too!\" <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ b\u1edfi v\u00ec tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a object 'vehicle' \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khi di\u1ec5n ra runtime vehicle.move();<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0vehicle = new AnyVehicle();<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, output c\u1ee7a statement sau s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u201cAny vehicle should move!\u201d, <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0vehicle.move();<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><\/pre>\n<h3><b> C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o objects t\u1eeb class kh\u00f4ng?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu base class bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c non-static method, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t object. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o object n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu class bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c static method. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean class \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c static method \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> M\u1ed9t class chi\u1ebfm bao nhi\u00eau b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c class kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t template m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c item \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 method c\u1ee7a class khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> C++ h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 Polymorphism nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C++ l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0110a h\u00ecnh (Polymorphism):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compile Time Polymorphism: C++ h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 template, overloading v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Runtime Polymorphism: C++ h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0m \u1ea3o. H\u00e0m \u1ea3o c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b> C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i constructor trong C++?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Default constructor:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Default constructor l\u00e0 h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham s\u1ed1.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class ABC<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0int x;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n \u00a0\u00a0ABC()<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x = 0;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><b>Parameterized constructor:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> C\u00e1c h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Parameterized constructor.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class ABC<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0int x;<\/span>\r\n \r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0ABC(int y)<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x = y;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><b>Copy Constructor:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Copy constructor l\u00e0 h\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng class.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class ABC<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0int x;<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0ABC(int y)<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x = y;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\/\/ Copy constructor<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0ABC(ABC abc)<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x = abc.x;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><\/pre>\n<h3><b> Destructor l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Destructor l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ec7p, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i database ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng dynamic memory. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> Copy constructor l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, Copy constructor s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 cho Copy constructor l\u00e0 tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng class. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp Copy constructor. Tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Copy constructor n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> Cohesion trong OOP l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cohesion trong OOP \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4-\u0111un (nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t class) c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung. Cohesion cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong m\u00f4-\u0111un c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Cohesion cao bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn (variable) n\u00e0o trong OOP?<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primitive Variable: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y nh\u01b0 int, float&#8230;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reference Variable: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong Java.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instance Variable: C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (Instance Variable). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai b\u00e1o trong class v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 method\/block\/constructor n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Static Variable: \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn t\u0129nh (Static Variable), m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng class. Bi\u1ebfn t\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea3i class v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y khi h\u1ee7y class. Bi\u1ebfn t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng t\u0129nh v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn t\u0129nh v\u00e0 JVM s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Local Variable: Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai b\u00e1o b\u00ean trong method ho\u1eb7c clock ho\u1eb7c constructor l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 (Local Variable). Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a block m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta khai b\u00e1o bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b> C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a data abstraction (tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u)<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c class tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea5p cao. S\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c class tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, interface v\u00e0 encapsulation, \u1ea9n \u0111i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0y gi\u00fap qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4-\u0111un trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> Coupling trong OOP l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eefu \u00edch?<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Tight Coupling<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n cao, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tight Coupling.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u00ed d\u1ee5: 3 Class d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0o nhau n\u00ean ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/span><\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class P<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">static int a = Q.j;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class Q<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">static int j = R.method();<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class R<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public static int method(){<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">return 3;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>L<\/strong><\/span><b>oose Coupling<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Loose Coupling. Lo\u1ea1i Coupling n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng s\u1edf d\u0129 do:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00e3;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_cau_hoi_phong_van_OOP_thuc_hanh\"><\/span><b> C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><b> Output c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class Scaler<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0static int i;<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0static<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(\u201ca\u201d);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0i = 100;<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public class StaticBlock<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0static<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(\u201cb\u201d);<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0public static void main(String[] args)<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0{<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(\u201cc\u201d);<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(Scaler.i);<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0}<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><b>Output:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> Output c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">#include&lt;iostream&gt;\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">using namespace std; <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class BaseClass1 { <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public: <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0BaseClass1()\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0{ cout &lt;&lt; \" BaseClass1 constructor called\" &lt;&lt; endl;\u00a0 }\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">};\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class BaseClass2 { <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public: <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0BaseClass2()\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0{ cout &lt;&lt; \"BaseClass2 constructor called\" &lt;&lt; endl;\u00a0 }\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">};<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class DerivedClass: public BaseClass1, public BaseClass2 { <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0public:\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0DerivedClass()\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0{\u00a0 cout &lt;&lt; \"DerivedClass constructor called\" &lt;&lt; endl;\u00a0 }\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">};\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">int main() <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{ <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0DerivedClass derived_class;\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0return 0;\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BaseClass1 constructor called\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BaseClass2 constructor called\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DerivedClass constructor called<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean minh h\u1ecda cho \u0110a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi constructor c\u1ee7a Derived class \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c constructor c\u1ee7a Base class theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 output cho \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 sau:<\/b><\/h3>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">#include&lt;iostream&gt;\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">using namespace std; <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class ClassA {\u00a0 <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public: <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0ClassA(int ii = 0) : i(ii) {}\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0void show() { cout &lt;&lt; \"i = \" &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; endl;}\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">private: <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0int i;\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}; <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">class ClassB { <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public: <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0ClassB(int xx) : x(xx) {}\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0operator ClassA() const { return ClassA(x); }\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">private: <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0int x;\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">};\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">void g(ClassA a) <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">{\u00a0 a.show(); }\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">int main() { <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ClassB b(10);\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> g(b);\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> g(20);\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> getchar();\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> return 0;\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">i = 10\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">i = 20<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: ClassA ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t constructor chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ClassA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">g(20)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ClassB c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n t\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c overloading. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">g(b) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b> Output c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/b><\/h3>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">public class Demo{ <\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0public static void main(String[] arr){\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(\u201cMain1\u201d);<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0}\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0public static void main(String arr){\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0System.out.println(\u201cMain2\u201d);<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0}\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">}<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><strong>Output:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Main1<\/span><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">main()<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i. Nh\u01b0ng JVM ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">main<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">String[]<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Main1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">main<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c overloading b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tong_ket_Cau_hoi_phong_van_OOP_Phan_2\"><\/span><b>T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP (Ph\u1ea7n 2)<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Qua 50 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP \u1edf <a href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cau-hoi-phong-van-oop-phan-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ph\u1ea7n 1<\/strong><\/a> v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n 2, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean OOP xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u01b0 duy logic v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP n\u00e0y t\u1eeb ITviec hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh trang kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean OOP chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i Ph\u1ea7n 1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n 25 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP n\u00e2ng cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u1edbi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":205,"featured_media":80430,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[109,99,94],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-80177","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chuyen-mon-it","category-developer","category-su-nghiep-it"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.8 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Top 50+ c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t (Ph\u1ea7n 2) - ITviec Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i Ph\u1ea7n 1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n 25 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP n\u00e2ng cao v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cau-hoi-phong-van-oop-phan-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Top 50+ c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t (Ph\u1ea7n 2)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i Ph\u1ea7n 1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho b\u1ea1n 25 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP n\u00e2ng cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn k\u1ef9\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cau-hoi-phong-van-oop-phan-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ITviec Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ITviec\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-10-21T09:52:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-10-21T09:52:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Top-cau-hoi-phong-van-OOP-pho-bien-nhat-Phan-2-vippro.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"790\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"H\u00e0 My\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ITviec\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ITviec\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"H\u00e0 My\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ecdc\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 ph\u00fat\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Top 50+ c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n OOP v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t (Ph\u1ea7n 2) - 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