{"id":22593,"date":"2021-12-07T13:48:30","date_gmt":"2021-12-07T06:48:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/?p=22593"},"modified":"2022-09-27T16:41:10","modified_gmt":"2022-09-27T09:41:10","slug":"cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-pho-bien-nhat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-pho-bien-nhat\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p hai trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">N\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-pho-bien-nhat\/#Cong_thuc_chinh_phuc_tat_ca_cac_cau_hoi_phong_van_IT\" >C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-pho-bien-nhat\/#Giai_dap_hai_trong_cac_cau_hoi_phong_van_IT_pho_bien_ve_cau_truc_du_lieu_cay\" >Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p hai trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2y<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-pho-bien-nhat\/#Loi_ket\" >L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\r\n<p><strong><em>Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 t\u1eeb trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3. V\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n khi b\u1ea1n \u1ee9ng tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Amazon v\u00e0 Google. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT \u0111\u00f3.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m trong ng\u00e0nh IT v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft code l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u1eb3n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n code v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u201ckh\u00f3 kh\u0103n&#8221; \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n code v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. Nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng code. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n may m\u1eafn, c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n code s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n code l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 t\u1eeb trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i g\u00ec t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><em>Read the full English version: <strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/two-of-the-most-famous-coding-interview-questions-9746a4111011\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Two of the Most Famous Coding Interview Questions Explained<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cong_thuc_chinh_phuc_tat_ca_cac_cau_hoi_phong_van_IT\"><\/span><strong>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean. Th\u1eed th\u00e1ch th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Theo t\u00f4i, nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 3 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/li>\r\n<li>T\u1ed1i \u01b0u<\/li>\r\n<li>S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u201cT\u1ed1i \u01b0u&#8221; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mang ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian (time complexity) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb (space complexity). \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1; tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, khi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u &#8220;nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5&#8221; kh\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u201chi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3&#8221; c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u00e1 \u201cc\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh&#8221;. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: <em>Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Vi\u1ebft chi ch\u00edt c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ph\u00e9p c\u1ed9ng) s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n v\u00e0 th\u1eeba m\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc (gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u00e0i).<\/em> \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft code.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf&#8221; m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, khi c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT l\u1edbn, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft code s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 s\u00fac t\u00edch b\u1edfi v\u00ec theo l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111a quy tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p (\u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean n\u00ean quan t\u00e2m, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch code b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o). \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<p><em>Xem th\u00eam: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/viec-lam-it\/developer?utm_medium=anchor_text&amp;utm_source=blog_07122021&amp;utm_campaign=daily\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m Developer &#8220;ch\u1ea5t&#8221; to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-gi\u1ea3i-dap-hai-trong-cac-cau-h\u1ecfi-ph\u1ecfng-v\u1ea5n-it-ph\u1ed5-bi\u1ebfn-v\u1ec1-c\u1ea5u-truc-d\u1eef-li\u1ec7u-cay\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Giai_dap_hai_trong_cac_cau_hoi_phong_van_IT_pho_bien_ve_cau_truc_du_lieu_cay\"><\/span><strong>Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p hai trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2y<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 hai trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e3 h\u00f3a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 <strong>chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng <\/strong>v\u00e0 <strong>chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/strong> c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1edbn, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Google, Amazon, v.v.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, v\u1eady th\u00ec l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u developer v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u201ct\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng&#8221; v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" class=\"wp-image-22662\" src=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-1-640x640.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n it - c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2y\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-1.png 640w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-1-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-1-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-1-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-1-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>Chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u: <em><strong>Cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, t\u00ecm chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian (kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u00fat) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch code n\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb s\u1ebd h\u01a1i k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c. V\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb \u201ck\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c&#8221;? B\u1edfi v\u00ec theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi duy\u1ec7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh k\u1ec1 theo chi\u1ec1u ngang, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi duy\u1ec7t theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n n\u00e0o n\u00ean \u0111i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, <strong>thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng<\/strong> (Breath-First Search &#8211; BFS) mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi t\u00ecm chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y v\u00e0 <strong>thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u<\/strong> (Depth-First Search &#8211; DFS) s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a. C\u1ea3 hai thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea1y theo th\u1eddi gian tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh khi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c khi duy\u1ec7t c\u00e2y nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a, t\u00f4i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c so v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, c\u1ea3 hai thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"491\" height=\"235\" class=\"wp-image-22663\" src=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-2.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n it - c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2y - dfs - bfs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-2.png 491w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-2-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-2-200x96.png 200w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-2-100x48.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng (Breath-First Search &#8211; BFS) v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u (Depth-First Search &#8211; DFS).<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>T\u00f4i s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111i chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<p><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/gist.githubusercontent.com\/GEEGABYTE1\/b9c808a45a23b032a2b991c5fa375893\/raw\/8c2b70df1591c6645b7507d78e955b3eadf6a180\/dfs.py\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n code d\u00e0nh cho gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y<\/a><\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>V\u1edbi thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, t\u00f4i t\u00ecm t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e1n v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm qua c\u00e2y theo \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec7 quy. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam t\u1eebng ho\u00e1n v\u1ecb v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t array ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ec3 [A, B, C] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t array c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u00e1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1edfi thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" class=\"wp-image-22664\" src=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-3-640x640.png\" alt=\"c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2y\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-3.png 640w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-3-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-3-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-3-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-3-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-3-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-3-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>\u0110\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 cho t\u1eebng b\u1eadc.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, t\u00f4i \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \u0111i qua m\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn khi g\u1eb7p n\u00fat kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con, m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed7i b\u1eadc.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" class=\"wp-image-22665\" src=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-4-640x640.png\" alt=\"c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2y - array - dfs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-4.png 640w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-4-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-4-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-4-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-4-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-4-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai array \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0m th\u1ee9 hai .width_counter () . V\u1edbi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t array 2D, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i t\u00e1ch t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed trong m\u1ed7i danh s\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u1edf ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong danh s\u00e1ch \u1edf ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 0, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u1edf ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong danh s\u00e1ch \u1edf ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 1, v.v. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng &#8211; m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta chia m\u1ed9t array ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t array \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c array con c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i xem array \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e2y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed trong danh s\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i danh s\u00e1ch trong ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 (gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc), v\u1eady th\u00ec ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang v\u00ec array ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111i.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" class=\"wp-image-22666\" src=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-5-640x640.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n it - c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2y - array - dfs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-5.png 640w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-5-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-5-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-5-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-5-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-5-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-5-120x120.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption>L\u01b0u \u00fd m\u1ed7i array con t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i array trong array 2D v\u00e0 array l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t (array c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t) s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1eadc r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, v\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111ang so s\u00e1nh t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 trong array 2D, n\u00ean t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i array ho\u00e1n v\u1ecb. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u ch\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian O(n) v\u00e0 .width_counter () v\u1edbi qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian O(n^2) do c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p l\u1ed3ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o array 2D.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<p><em>Xem th\u00eam: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/viec-lam-it\/developer\/ho-chi-minh-hcm?utm_medium=anchor_text&amp;utm_source=blog_07122021&amp;utm_campaign=daily\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m Developer &#8220;ch\u1ea5t&#8221; t\u1ea1i TP. HCM<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u00ecm chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, thay v\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u. L\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n n\u00f3 \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u ngang c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"533\" class=\"wp-image-22667\" src=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-6-640x533.png\" alt=\"c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n it - c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2y - bfs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-6.png 640w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-6-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-6-200x167.png 200w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-6-768x640.png 768w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-6-100x83.png 100w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/cac-cau-hoi-phong-van-it-cay-nhi-phan-6-540x450.png 540w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u00f4i so s\u00e1nh t\u1eebng b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u1edf gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng so s\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 array ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn n\u00e0o. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo chi\u1ec1u ngang.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<p><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/gist.githubusercontent.com\/GEEGABYTE1\/ad9454719aea5f936112c5049916a487\/raw\/0a32bf875650a6982a58ac7ca83817252ebeef9d\/bfs.py\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n code cho gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u00ecm chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y<\/a><\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Khi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 &#8211; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Thay v\u00ec t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ean c\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ean c\u00e2y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t n\u00fat kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 th\u00eam 1 v\u00e0o counter (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u) khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 cha.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o g\u1eb7p ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 cha, t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ed7i cha ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a hai n\u00fat con. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong l\u00fac ch\u1ea1y l\u1eb7p, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 th\u00eam 1 v\u00e0o counter khi t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u00ean n\u00fat g\u1ed1c trong l\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (\u0111\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m lu\u00f4n n\u00fat g\u1ed1c trong s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee3i sau khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi 2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 cha l\u00e0 n\u1ed1i th\u00eam t\u1eebng n\u00fat v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t array. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh heap \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 cha, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \/\/ 2, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00fat n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u00fat cha. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e2y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 th\u00eam 1 v\u00e0o counter m\u1ed7i khi ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t n\u00fat cha m\u1eb9 nh\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi; tuy nhi\u00ean, so v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y theo th\u1eddi gian tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y theo th\u1eddi gian b\u1eadc hai.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<p><em>Xem th\u00eam: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/viec-lam-it\/developer\/ha-noi?utm_medium=anchor_text&amp;utm_source=blog_07122021&amp;utm_campaign=daily\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m Developer &#8220;ch\u1ea5t&#8221; t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Loi_ket\"><\/span><strong>L\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u201ckh\u00f3 nh\u1eb1n&#8221; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n code s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1eady. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 d\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 thi t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u201cdanh ti\u1ebfng&#8221; c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 &#8211; N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n th\u00ec b\u00e0i thi &#8211; c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT, s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1eadu h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tham gia ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n nh\u00e9.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>V\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng lo l\u1eafng qu\u00e1, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn developer l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 start-up n\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n code t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\r\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"wp-image-5668\" src=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Robby2.png\" alt=\"robby-2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Robby2.png 300w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Robby2-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/itviec.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Robby2-60x60.png 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p id=\"block-bdf220a1-3635-4794-9101-81d879939b92\" class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>B\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft hay v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi? \u0110\u1eebng ng\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5n n\u00fat Share b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p id=\"block-a1315aab-406f-48df-97fc-6b9584e6e134\" class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>V\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o <a href=\"http:\/\/itviec.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m IT<\/a> tr\u00ean ITviec<\/strong>!<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 t\u1eeb trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3. V\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n khi b\u1ea1n \u1ee9ng tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Amazon v\u00e0 Google. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":111,"featured_media":22679,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[105,103],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22593","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-phong-van-it","category-ung-tuyen-va-thang-tien"],"blocksy_meta":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.8 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p hai trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0110a ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n IT \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 t\u1eeb trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3. 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